Publications

Selected Publications

• Deconstructing Open-World Game Mission Design Formula: A Thematic Analysis Using an Action-Block Framework (2026)
  Kaijie Xu, Yiwei Zhang, Brian Yang, Clark Verbrugge
  Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
  Paper | Details

• CSP4SDG: Constraint and Information-Theory Based Role Identification in Social Deduction Games with LLM-Enhanced Inference (2026)
  Kaijie Xu, Fandi Meng, Clark Verbrugge, Simon Mark Lucas
  Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 40(17), 14380–14387
  Paper | Details

• High Dimensional Procedural Content Generation (2026)
  Kaijie Xu, Clark Verbrugge
  Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (FDG 2026) — Honourable Mention
  Paper | Details

• Generic Guard AI in Stealth Games with Composite Potential Fields (2025)
  Kaijie Xu, Clark Verbrugge
  Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (AIIDE 2025) — Best Student Paper Award
  Paper | Details

All Publications

• From Experience to 3D Platformer Levels via Topological Graphs (2026)
  Kaijie Xu, Clark Verbrugge
  AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (AIIDE 2026) (accepted)
  Details

• Deconstructing Open-World Game Mission Design Formula: A Thematic Analysis Using an Action-Block Framework (2026)
  Kaijie Xu, Yiwei Zhang, Brian Yang, Clark Verbrugge
  Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
  Paper | Details

• CSP4SDG: Constraint and Information-Theory Based Role Identification in Social Deduction Games with LLM-Enhanced Inference (2026)
  Kaijie Xu, Fandi Meng, Clark Verbrugge, Simon Mark Lucas
  Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 40(17), 14380–14387
  Paper | Details

• Generate Diverse Skills with Large Language Models (2026)
  Kaijie Xu, Clark Verbrugge
  Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (FDG 2026) — 17th Workshop on Procedural Content Generation
  Paper | Details

• Path2Patrol: Path-Conditioned Guard Generation in Stealth Games through MAP-Elites (2026)
  Yiwei Zhang, Kaijie Xu, Richard Zhao, Clark Verbrugge
  IEEE Conference on Games (CoG 2026) (in press)
  Details

• Scene-Modular LLM-Driven Procedural Level Generation for Anomaly-Detection Games (2026)
  Kaijie Xu, Fandi Meng, Clark Verbrugge
  IEEE Conference on Games (CoG 2026) (in press)
  Details

• Efficient Multi-Guard Patrol through Extended Composite Potential Fields (2026)
  Kaijie Xu, Yiwei Zhang, Clark Verbrugge
  IEEE Conference on Games (CoG 2026) (in press)
  Details

• Boss Fights as Spatio-Temporal Level Generation (2026)
  Kaijie Xu, Clark Verbrugge
  IEEE Conference on Games (CoG 2026) (in press)
  Details

• Action Selection in Multiplayer Hidden-Information Games with Expected Target Entropy (2026)
  Kaijie Xu, Fandi Meng, Clark Verbrugge, Simon Lucas
  IEEE Conference on Games (CoG 2026) (in press)
  Details

• High Dimensional Procedural Content Generation (2026)
  Kaijie Xu, Clark Verbrugge
  Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (FDG 2026) — Honourable Mention
  Paper | Details

• (Perlin) Noise as AI coordinator (2026)
  Kaijie Xu, Clark Verbrugge
  Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (FDG 2026)
  Paper | Details

• How Far Can We Go with Pixels Alone? A Pilot Study on Screen-Only Navigation in Commercial 3D ARPGs (2026)
  Kaijie Xu, Mustafa Bugti, Clark Verbrugge
  Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (FDG 2026)
  Paper | Details

• Generic Guard AI in Stealth Games with Composite Potential Fields (2025)
  Kaijie Xu, Clark Verbrugge
  Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (AIIDE 2025) — Best Student Paper Award
  Paper | Details

• A Database-Driven Framework for 3D Level Generation with LLMs (2025)
  Kaijie Xu, Clark Verbrugge
  Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (AIIDE 2025)
  Paper | Details

• Adaptive Visual Navigation Assistant in 3D RPGs (2025)
  Kaijie Xu, Clark Verbrugge
  Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (AIIDE 2025)
  Paper | Details

• Action Window Planning for Stealth Missions (2025)
  Kaijie Xu, Clark Verbrugge
  IEEE Conference on Games (CoG 2025)
  Paper | Details

• Quantitative Analysis of Visual Guidance in Level Transitions Using Multimodal Visual Metrics (2025)
  Kaijie Xu, Clark Verbrugge
  IEEE Conference on Games (CoG 2025)
  Paper | Details

• Constraint Propagation for Reasoning in Single-player Deduction Games (2025)
  Fandi Meng, Kaijie Xu, Simon Lucas
  IEEE Conference on Games (CoG 2025)
  Paper | Details

• Constraint Is All You Need: Optimization-Based 3D Level Generation with LLMs (2025)
  Kaijie Xu, Clark Verbrugge
  Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (FDG 2025)
  Paper | Details

• FedFDD: Federated Learning with Frequency Domain Decomposition for Low-Dose CT Denoising (2024)
  Xuhang Chen, Zeju Li, Zikun Xu, Kaijie Xu, Cheng Ouyang, Chen Qin
  Medical Imaging with Deep Learning (MIDL 2024)
  Paper | Details